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Copy 1 




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TINSMITHING 




AMERICAN SCHOOT, OF CORRFSPONi^FNCF, 

ARMOUR INSTlTUTFv OF TECHNOLOGY 
CHICAGO :>I3 



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TINSMITHING 



I N S T R IT C T I O N PAPER 



PREPARED BY 

"WlIvLIAM Neubeckek 

Instkuctor Sheet Metal Department of New York Trade School 

FoRMEKLY Superintendent Forester Co. 



1903 
AMERICAN SCHOO.Iv OF CORRESPONDENCE 

AT 

ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 
CHICAGO ILLINOIS 



U. S. A. 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copjet Rec«lveif 

JUL 16 1903 

U Cup/iiijht bntty 

lussr H XXc. No. 
COPY B. 






J- 



Copyright 1903 by 
American Schooi. of Correspondence 



o 



TINSMITH ING. 



An important j)art of the technical education of those con- 
nected with tinsmiths' work is a knowledcre of laying out patterns. 
When making the various forms of tinware, or, as they are com- 
monly called, housefurnishing goods, the greatest care must be 
taken in developing the patterns, for if a mistake of but one point 
is made, the pattern will be useless. There are general geometri- 
cal principles which are applied to this w^ork which, when thor- 
oughly understood, make that part plain and simple, which would 
otherwise appear intricate. These principles enable the student 
to lay out different patterns for various pieces of tinware where 
the methods of construction are simila:-. 





Fig. 1. 



Fig. 2. 



Construction. Before laying out the pattern for any piece of 
tinware, the method of construction should be known. Knowino- 
this, the first thought should be: Can the pattern be developed and 
cut from one piece of metal to advantage, as shown in Fio-. 1, or 
will it cut to waste, as shown in Fig. 2 ? Will the articles have 
soldered, grooved or riveted seams, as shown respectively by A, B 
and C, in Fig. 3 ? Also, will the edges be wired or have hem edges 
at the top, as shown respectively by A and B, in Fig. 4 '^ Some- 
times the pattern can be laid out in such a way that the article 
may be made up of two or more pieces, so that the patterns may 
be laid in one another, as shown in Fig. 5, thereby saving material. 
This is a plan that should always be followed if possible, 

AVhen the patterns are developed, tin plate should be obtained 
of such size as to have as little waste as possible. 

By means of the table on pages 45-47 tin plate may be ordered 



TINSMITHING 



which will cut to advaiitat'-e, lV)r there is nothincf worse in a tin- 
shop than to see a lot ot" waste plate under the benches, whereas a 
little foresioht in orderino- stt)ck would have saved nuiterial. 

Capacity of Vessels. k^t)nietinies the tinsmith is reijuired to 
make a piece of tinware which will hold a given quantity of li(]uid. 
The methods of lindincp the dimensions are given in Arithmetic 
and Mensuration, which subiects should be reviewed before beoin- 
nincr this work. 

CD 

Shop Tools. The most im])ortant hand tools required by the 
tinsmith are: hauimer, shears, mallet, scratch awl, dividers and 
soldering coppers. The other tinsmith tools and machines will be 
explained as we proceed. 



c 




Fig. 3. 



F\cr. 4. 



Fii 



Various Methods of Obtaining Patterns. The pattern draft- 
intr for this course is divided into two classes: 

1. Patterns which are developed by means of parallel lines. 

2. Patterns which are developed by means of radial lines. 

The princij)les which follow are fundamental in the art of 
pattern cutting and their a])plication is universal in tinsmiths' work. 

INTERSECTIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS. 

The layincr out of i)atterns in tinsmiths' work belono-s to tliat 
department of descriptive geometry, known as development of sur- 
faces, Mhich means the laying out Hat of the surfaces of the solids, 
the fiat surfaces in this case being the tinplate. In Fig. () is shown 
one of the most simple forms to be developed by parallel lines, 
that of an octagonal j)rism. This problem explains certain fixed 
rules to be observed in the development of all |>arallel foi-ms, 
which are as follows: 

1. There must be a j>/(ni, chDnttoii or other view of the 
article to be made, showing the line of joint or intersection, and 



TINSMITIllNG 



in line witli which imist l)t' drawn a Hection or prolih' of the article. 
Thus, AIJCD shows the view of the artich'. A L tlic liiu' of joint 
or intersection, and E the ])rotile or section of the article. 

'2. Tile Pmflc or section (if curved) must he divided into 
e(]ual spaces (the more spaces emjtloyed the more accurate will Ix^ 
the ])attei'n ), from which lines are drawn ])arallel to the lines of 
the article intersectino; the line of joint or intersection. Thus 
from the corners numbered 1 to 8 in the ]irotile E, lines are drawn 



H-'' 




B 1 
















H 


e 


^ 


^ 






rrr::^ 


^___. 








____, 










i- 


H 


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:t^^ 




















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h 


























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Id 


























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UJ 
































1' 


2' 


3' 


4' 


5' 


6' 


7' 


6' 


D 








c 


J 














F 



PUAN 



Fig. 6. 

[tarallel to the line of the article, intersectin»»; the line of joint AL 
from 1" to 8". In Fi^. 7, where the section A is curved, this is 
divided into equal spaces. 

3. A ,'<f/'('fc/i(>/(t line (showini£ the amount of material the 
article will require) is next drawn at right angles to the line of the 
article, upoji which is placed each space contained in the section 
or profile. Thus JE, in Eig. 6, is the stretchout line, which con- 
tains the true amount required to enclose the profile E. 

4. At right angles to the stretchout line, and from the inter- 
sections thereon, draw lines called the iiht/surnif/ JiiivK. Thus, 
from the intersections 1' to S' on JF lines are drawn at right angles 
to the stretchout line JE, which are called measuring lines. 

5. Erom the intersections on the line of joint draw lines in- 
tersecting similarly numbered measuring lines, which will result 
in the pattern shape. Thus lines drawn from the intersections on 



-G 



TINSMITHIXG 



the line AL at right angles to BC intersect similarly numbered 
measiirincp lines as shown. Then JIIiF will be the development 
for an octagonal prism intersected by the line AL in elevation. 

This simple problem shows the fundamental ])rinciples in all 
parallel-line developments. AVhat we have just done is similar to 
taking the prism and rolling it out on a flat surface. Let the 
student imagine the prism before him with the corners blackened 



B 




i 1 1 1 1 1 1 




Fig. 7. 

and starting with corner 1 turn the j)rism on a sheet of white 
paper until the point 1 is again reached, when the result will cor- 
respond to the development shown. Bearing these sim])le rules 
in mind, the student should have no difliculty in laying out or 
developing the forms which will follow. 

Fig. 7 shows the development of a cylinder, and also shows 
the j)rinciples which are applied in spacing circular sections or pro- 
flies, as explained for parallel developments. A shows the proflle 
or section. B the elevation, and CD the stretchout line or the 
amount of material retjuired to go around the circle. By drawing 
the measurinu- lines C"F and DE and connectintr them by the line 
FE, we obtain CDEF, which is the development of the cylinder. 

Fig. 8 shows how to obtain the development of the surfaces 
of an intersected hexaooual prism, the angle of intersection being 
45°. First draw the elevation ABCD and the section E in its 
proper position below. Number the corners in the section 1, 2 and 
3, as shown, from which erect perpendicular lines intersecting the 



TlNSMITllLXd 



plane AB, as shown bv 1\ 2^ and S\ Bisect the lines 1 — 1 and 
3 — 3 in phm obtainincr the points F and 11 ivsj)ectively, and draw 
the line Fll. This line will be used to obtain dimensions with 
which to construct the developed surface on the plane AB. At 
ricrht ano-les to AB and from the intersections 1\ 2' and 3 draw 
lines as shown. Parallel to AB draw the line F^ H^. Now, 
iiieasurino- in each instance from the line FH in E. take the dis- 
tances to 1, 2 and 3. and ])lace them on similarly numbered lines 
drawn from the plane AB, measurintr in each instance from the 



A 


**/ 




/'j\ 


\ 


\, 
















>3' 




/ 










e-A^ 


'°"' ^^-^-.a/^' 






/ 










\ 


/ 
/ 
/ 

/ 




/ 










M 




^ 


B 


















n 






C 


K 














I 








^ 


i" 




5' 


1 


' 


1 Z 






Fig. 8. 

line F^ 11^ on either side, thus obtainino- the points 1'. 2' and 8'. 
Connect these points by lines as shown; then J will be the true 
development or section on AB. 

For the development of the prism, draw the stretchout line 
KI at ricrht anoles to AD. upon which place the stretchout of the 
section E. as shown by similar numbered intersections on Kl, 
From these intersections, at rij^ht angles to KI, draw the measur- 
incr lines shown, which intersect with lines drawn from similar 
numbered intersections on the plan AB, at rioht angles to B(\ 
Throuo-h the intersections thus obtained, draw the lines from L to 



TINSMITIIING 



M. Then KLMI will be the pattern or development of the inter- 
sected prism. 

Fig. 9 shows the development of an intersected cylinder. A 
is the elevation and B the profile or plan. As each half of the 
develo])ment will be symmetrical, divide the profile B into a num- 
ber of equal parts, numbering each half from 1 to 5, as shown. 
From these points perpendicular lines are erected, intersecting the 
plane 1^ — 5^ at 1^ , 2^ , 3^ , 4^ and 5^ . A stretchout is now made 
of the profile B and placed on the horizontal stretchout line CD, 
the points being shown by 5', 4', 8', 2', 1', 2", 3", 4" and 5". From 




Fig. 9. 

these ix)ints measuring lines are erected and intersected by similar 
numbered lines drawn from the plane 1^' — 5^ at right angles to the 
line of the cylinder. A line traced through points thus obtained 
will be the development of the intersected cylinder. In this case 
the butting edge or joint line of the cylinder is on its shortest side. 
If the l)uttiniT edge were desired on its lonwst side, it would be 
necessary to change only the figures on the stretchout line CD, 
making 1' start at 5' and end at 5". 

Where two j)risms intersect each other, as shown in Hg. 10, 
it is necessary to find the points of intersection before the surfaces 
can be develo])ed. Thus we have two unequal quadrangular 



TINSMITHING 9 



prisms interset'tinii; cliao;()nalIy at right ancrles to each othei-. We 
hrst draw the section of the horizontal prisms as shown by B in 
the end view, from whicli the side view A is projected as shown. 
P'rom the corner T in the section B erect the perpendicuhir line 
T(\ and above in its ])roper ])()sition draw the section L) of the 
vertical |)rism, and number the corners 1, 2, H and 4. From the 
corners 1 and 3 drop vertical lines intersecting the profile J3 at 1' 
and 3', T representing the points 2' and 4' obtained from 2 and 4 
in T). From the points 1' and 3' in B, draw a horizontal line 
through the side view, and locate the center of the vertical prism 
as 3", from which erect the perpendicular line 3" — 1. Now take 
a duplicate of the section D and place it as shown by F, allowing 
it to make a quarter turn (-H) ); in other words, if we view the 
vertical prism from the end view, the point 1 in section I) faces 
the left, ^\hile if we stood on the ritrht side of the end view the 
point 1 would point ahead in the direction of the arrow. The side 
view therefore represents a view standing to the right of the end 
view, and therefore the section F makes a quarter turn, brino-ino- 
the corner 1 toward the top. From points 2 and 4 in section F 
drop vertical lines intersecting the line drawn from the corner 
2' — 4' in B, thus obtaining the intersections 2" — 4" in the side 
view. Draw a line from 4" to 3" to 2", which represents the 
intersection between the tM^o prisms. 

To develop the vertical prism, draw the horizontal stretchout 
line HI, and upon it place the stretchout of the profile D as shown 
by similar figures on III. Draw the measuring lines from the 
points 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, at right angles to III, which intersects with 
lines drawn at right angles to the line of the vertical prism from 
intersections having similar numbers on B. A line traced throuo-h 
the points thus obtained, as shown by HILJ will be the develop- 
ment of the vertical prism. The development of the horizontal 
prism with the opening cut into it to admit the joining of the 
vertical prism is shown in Fig. 11, and is drawn as follows: Draw 
any vertical line O^ P^, and on this line place the stretchout of 
the upper half of section B in Fig. 10, as shown by similar letters 
and figures in Fig. 11. From these points at right anoles to 
()v pv di-aw lines equal in length to the side view in Fig. 10. Draw 
a line from U to T in Fig. 11. Now, measurincr from the line RS 
in side view in P'ig. 10, take the various distances to points of in- 



10 



TlNSMlTHOG 



-iH 








TmSMITIIIX(; It 



tersections 4", 8". 1" and 2", and place them in FiV. H on lines 
having similar numbers, measuriiitr fr(»m the line O^ P^ thus re- 
sultiiio; in the intersections 1 , 2 . H and 4. ( 'oniuH'tiiitj; theso 
points by lines as shown, then O^UTP^" will be the half develop- 
ment of the t()|) of the horizontal prism. The bottom half will he 
similar without the onenino-. 

ilavino; described the ])rincij)les relatin^r to j)arallel forms, 
the next subject will be the princijdes relatino; to taperintr forms. 
These forms include oidy the solid titrures that have for a base the 
circle, or any of the rei^ular jiolycrons. also ii<^ures of uiu'iinal sides 
which can be inscribed in a circle, the lines drawn from the cor- 
ners of which terminate in an apex, directly over the center of the 
base. The forms with which the tinsmith has to deal are more 
frequently frustums of these tiirures. and the method used in 
developino; these surfaces is simply to develop the surface of the 
entire cone or ])yramid. and then by simple measurements cut off 
]iart of the liouro, leavintr the desired frustum. Thus in the well- 
known forms of the dipper, coffee ])ot, colander, strainer, wash 
boM'l, bucket, funnel, measure, pan. etc.. we have the frustums of 
cones above referred to. In speakinir; here of metal plate articles 
as ])ortions of cones, it must be remembered that all patterns are 
of surfaces, and as we are dealing with tinplate, these patterns 
when formed are not solids, but nierel}^ shells. In works upon 
Solid Geometry the right cone is delined as a solid with a circidar 
base, generated by the revolution of a right-antrle triangle about 
its vertical side called the axis. 

This is more clearly shown in Fig. 12, in which is shown a 
right cone, which contains the ])rinci[)les applicable to all frustums 
of ])yramids and cones. APC represents the elevation of the cone; 
the horizontal section on the line EC being shown by (tDEF, 
which is spaced into a number of e(jual ])arts, as shown by the 
small tigures 1 to 10. As the center or apex of the cone is directly 
over the center <( of the circle, then the length of each of the lines 
draM'n from the small h'gures 1 to 10 to the center <( will be equal 
both in plan and t'levation. Therefore to obtain the t'nveloi)e or 
development, use AB or AC as radius, and with A in Fig. 18 as 
center, describe the arc 1- 1'. From 1 draw a line to A and start- 
ing from the point 1, set off on the arc 1-1' the stretchout or num- 



12 



TIN SMITHING 



ber of spaces contained in the circle DEFG in Fig. 12, as sliown 
by similar figures in Fig. 18. From 1' draw a line to A. Then 
A- 1-7-1' will be the development of the right cone of Fig. 12. 

Suppose that a frustum of the cone is desired as shown by 
HICB, Fig. 12; then the opening at the top will be .equal to the 
small circle in plan, and the radius for the pattern will be equal to 
AT. Now usino- A in Fio-. 18 as a center with x\I as radius, describe 
the arc II I, intersecting the lines 1 A and Al' at II and I respective- 
ly. Then II — I- 1' -7 — 1 Mill l>e the develo])ment for the frustum 
of the- cone. 

When a right cone is cut by a plane passed other than parallel 
to its base, the method of development is somewhat different. This 

A 





Fie?. 13. 

is exj)lained in connection with Fig. 14, in which A is the right 
cone, intersected by the plane represented by the line DE, B re])re- 
sents the plan of the base of the cone, whose circumference is divided 
into e(]ual spaces. As the intersection of both halves of the cone 
are symmetrical, it will l)e necessary to divide only half of plan B 
as shown by the small figures 1 to 7. From these ])oints, erect 
lines parallel to the axis of the cone, intersecting the l)ase line 
of the cone. From these points draw lines to apex F, intersecting 
the line DE as shown. From the intersections thus obtained on the 
line DE and at ripht anoles to the axis, draw lines as shown, inter- 
sectinoj the side of the cone FE, Now using F as center and FIl 
, as a radius, describe the arc 7-7'. From 7 draw a line to F, and 



TINSMITIIING 



13 



startino; from the point 7 set off on the arc 7-7', the stretcliout of 
the circle B as shown by the small figures 7-1-7'. From these 
points draw radial lines to the center point F, and intersect them 
by arcs struck from the center F. with radii e(jual to similarly num- 
bered intersections on the side FIl, and partly shown by ])()ints 
7^-1^-7. Trace a line through the]H)ints of intersections thus 
obtained; then 7"- 7^- 7-7' will be the desired development. 

These same principles are applicable no matter at what angle 
the cone is intersected. For the 
section on the line DE, see the 
explanation in Mechanical Draw- 
ing Part III. 

Fig. 15 shows the principles 
applicable to the developments of 
pyramids having a base of any 
shape. In this case, w^e have a 
square pyramid, intersected by the 
line DE. First draw the elevation 
of the pyramid as shown by ABC 
and in its proper position the plan 
view as shown by 1, 2, 3, 4. Draw 
the two diagonal lines 1-3 and 
2-4 intersecting each other at A'. 
The length of the line AC repre- 
sents the true length on K'<\ but 
is not the correct radius with 
which to strike the development. 

A true length must be ob- 
tained on the line A'4 as follows: 
At right angles to 3-4 from the 
center A' draw the line A'E' and 
using A' as center and A'4 as 
radius, describe the arc 4E' intersecting A'E' at E'. From E' 
erect the perpendicular line E'l^ intersecting the base line BC ex- 
tended at 1^. From 1^ draw a straight line to A, which will be 
the true length on A'4 and the radius with which to strike the de- 
velopment. (See also Part III, Mechanical Drawing) Now with A 
as center and A-1^ as radius, describe the arc 1^-3^-1^. Starting 




Fig. 14. 



14 



TINSMlTIlI^Ti 



from 1^' set off the stretchout of 1 - 2 - 3-4- 1 in pkn, as shown 
by 1^-2^-8^-4^-1^ on the arc 1^-1^ (1^-2^ being equal to 1-2, 
etc.), and from these points draw lines to the apex A and con- 
nect points by straioht lines as shown from 1^ to 2\ 2^ to 8^ 8^ 
to 4^ and 4^ to 1^". Then Al^ 8^ 1^ will be the development of the 
square j)yramid. 

To obtain the cut. in the development of the intersected plane 




DE, which represents respectively the points 3' -4' and l'-2\ 
draw at right angles to the center line, the lines I)- D" and E-1 , 
iHtersecting the true length Al^ at 1>" and 1". Using A as center 
and radii equal to A-D" and A- 1" intersect similarly numbered 
radial lines in the development. Connect these points as shown 



TINSMITHING 15 



from 1" to 2", 2' to 3", 3" to 4" aiuU" tol". Then 1" -l^-3v_lv_ 
l"-3" will be the develo])iiient of the intersected square pyramid. 
To dnuv DE in plan droj) perjjendieuliirs from 1) and E in- 
tersectinir the diagonal lines in plan at h c and d a. Connect lines 
as shown at a, h, c and d. To obtain the true section of the plane 
DE, take the length of DE and place it, as shown in ])lan 
from /' to /; through /draw the vertical Wwa j,n which is inter- 
sected by horizontal lines drawn from ])oints </ and d. Draw a 
line from h to m and c ioj which will be the desired section. 

These problems just described should be thoroughly studied 
and practiced on paper, until every step is well understood. 

Practical Workshop Problems will now be considered, and the 
student Mho thoroughly understands the principles ex])lained in the 
foregoing ])roblems, will be able to develop the patterns with greater 
ease and in less time than is recpiired by the student, who pays 
little attention to the principles, but simply proceeds to develop the 
patterns by blindly following directions. A thorough knowledge 
of the principles renders the student independent as far as pa't- 
tern problems are concerned, as he can apply them to new work. 
Short Rules. There are various short rules, which, while not 
geometrically accurate, are sufficiently so for all practical purposes 
and will be introduced as we proceed. In developing })atterns for 
any given article, the problem should be gone over carefully, locating 
the joints or seams, so that it can be seen, we might say in our 
minds' eye; by doing this a shorter rule may be employed, thus 
saving time and expense. The student who pays attention to these 
smaller details will succeed as a pattern draftsman. 

Allowance for Seaming and Wiring. As we are dealing with 
tin plate only, we assume this to have no thickness, and therefore 
make no allowance for the shrinkage of the metal, when bendino- 
in the machine folder or brake. 

The amount of the material to be added to the pattern for 
wiring will vary according to the thickness of the metal. A safe 
and practical plan is to use a small strip of thin metal about ^ inch 
wide and curl this around the wire which is to be used as shown 
in Fig. 16. This will give the true amount of material required, 
whether the wire is to be laid in by hand or by means of the wiring 
machine. First bend off with plyers a sharp corner as shown at a, 



16 



TINSMITHING 



place the wire in the corner and turn A snugly around the wire as 
shown at B. The amount of A, or the allowance to be added to the 
heio-ht of the pattern is thus obtained. The vertical joint in tin- 
ware is usually a lock seam as shown in Fig. 17. Three times the 
width of the lock a must be added to the pattern. In other words, 
the end h has a single edge as <1, while the other end e has a double 
edo'e as shown at <f and e ; the two ends of the body joining at/'. 

In allowing these edges for the pattern, some workmen pref(u- 
to add a single edge on one side of the pattern, and a double edge 
on the other, while others prefer to allow one-half of the amount 
required on either side of the pattern. Where the bottom of any 
piece of tinware is to be joined to the body, it is generally double 



w 




Fig. 16. 



Fig. 17. 



seamed as is shown in Fig. 18, where the two operations are clearly 
shown by A and B whether the seaming is done by hand or ma- 
chine, while the lock seam in Fig. 17, is done on the groover. 

Notching the Patterns. Another important point is the 
notching of the edges of the patterns for seaming and wiring; 
special attention should be given to this. The notches should be 
made in such a manner that when the article is rolled up and the 
wire encased or the seams grooved, the ends of the wire or seam 
allowance will fit snugly together aiid make a neat appearance. 
When an article is made and the notches have not been cut 
properly, the wire, or uneven lines, will show at the ends of the 
seam. Fig. 19 shows how the allowance for wire or locks should 
be cut. A shows the pattern to which an allowance has been 
made for wire at B and for seamincr to the l)()ttom at 0. In this 
case a single edge D has been allowed at one end of the pattern 



TIN SMITHING 



17 



and a double edcje of the other as shown at E. Then, iisino- this 
method of aHowance for seaming, notch the allowance for wire B 
and seam C on a line drawn through the solid lines in the pattern 
as shown by atf and h/>. The notches of the allowance 1) and E 
should be cut at a small angle, as shown. 

Transferring Patterns. After the ])attern has been de- 
veloped on manilla })aper, which is generally used in the shop, it 
is placed on the tin plate and 
a few weights laid on top of 
the paper; then with a sharp 
scratch awl or ])rick punch and 
hammer, slight prick -punch 
marks are made, larger dots in- 
dicating a bend. The paper is 
then removed and lines scribed 
on the plate, using the scratch 



i 



k-l 



Fig. 18. 



awl for marking the straight lines, and a lead pencil for the 
curved lines. After laps are added as required, it is ready to be 
cut out with the shears. 

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS. 

In ])resenting the twelve problems which follow, particular 
attention has been given to those problems which arise in shop 

practice. These problems should 
be practiced on cheap manilla 
paper, scaling them to the most 
convenient size, and then prov- 
ing them by cutting the patterns 
from thin card board, and bend- 
ing or forming up the models. 
This wnll prove both instructive 
and interesting. 
Pail. The first piece of tinware for which the pattern will 
be developed is that known as the flaring bucket, or pail, shown 
in Fig. 20. First draw the center line AB, Fig. 21, upon which 
place the height of the pail, as shown by CD. On either side of 
the center line place the half diameters CE of the top and DF of 
the bottom. Then EFFE will be the elevation of the pail. Ex- 
tend the lines EF until they meet the center line at E, which will 




Fig. 19. 



18 



TINSMITHING 



be the center point with which to describe the pattern. Now, 
with C as center and C'E as radius, describe the semi-circle CAE, 
and divide it into equal spaces, as shown. 
This semi -circle will represent the half sec- 
tion of the top of the pail. <^i Bi|'r 




Fig. 21. 
For the pattern proceed as follows: With B as center and 
radii equal to BF and BE, describe the arcs Gil and IJ. Draw a 
line from G to B. JStartino- from the point G lay off on the arc Gil, 
the stretchout of the semi-circle EAE, as shown by similar figures 
on Gil. From II draw a line to B, intersecting the arc IJ at J. 
Then GHJI will be the half pattern for the pail, to which laps must 
be added for seamintr and wirino- as shown by the dotted lines. 



TIXSMITIIING 



19 



Funnel and Spout. In Fio-. 22 is shown a funnel and spout, 
wliic'h is notliino- luori' than two frustums of coiu^s joined toovther. 

Fio;. 2H sliows how the jKitteras are developed. In this tiuure 
the full elevation is drawn, hut in praetiee it is necessary to draw 
only onedialf of the elevation, as shown on either side o\' the eenter 




Fig. 22. 



Fig. 23. 



line IW. Extend the contour lines until they intersect the center 
line at (' and A. Now, using A' as a center, with radii eipial to 
AF' and AE, descrihe the arcs F'F- and E'E-' respectively. On 
the arc F]'E- lay off twice the number of spaces contained in the 
semi-circle B, then draw radial lines from E' and E' to A', inter- 
secting the inner arc at F^'F", which completes the outline for ihe 



20 



TINSMITIIING 



pattern. Laps imist be allowed for wiring and seaming. For the 
pattern for the spout use C as a center, and with radii equal to ( 'G 
and CP" describe the arcs F'l" and (t'GI On F'F" lay off twice 
the amount of s])aces contained in the semi-circle D, and draw 
radial lines from F' and F' to ('. Then F'F'G'G- will be the pat- 
tern for the spout. The dotted lines show the edges allowed. 

Hand Scoop. In Fig. 24 is shown a perspective view of a 
hand scoop, in the development of which the parallel and radial 
line dev(ilopments are employed. Thus A and B represent inter- 
sected cylinders, while C represents an intersected right cone. 
The method of obtaining the patterns for the hand scoop is clearly 
shown in Fig, 25; these principles are applicable to any form of 
hand scoop. 

First draw the 
side view of the scoop 
as shown, inline with 
u'hich place the half 
section ; divide this 
into a number of 
equal spaces as shown 
by the figures 1 to 7. 
From these points draw horizontal lines intersectinc; 




Fig. 24. 



the curve 

of the scoop. In line with the back of the scoop draw the vertical 
line I'-l', upon which ])lace the stretchout of twice the number 
of spaces contained in the half section, as shown by similar 
numbers on the stretchout line. From these points on the 
stretchout line draw horizontal lines, which intersect lines drawn 
from similarly numbered points on the curve of the scoop parallel 
to the stretchout line. Trace a line through points thus obtained, 
which will give the outline for the pattern for the scoop, to which 
edo-es must be allowed as shown by the dotted line. The pattern 
for the back of the scoop is simply a flat disc of the required 
diameter, to which edges for seaming are allowed. 

When drawing the handle, first locate tho point at which the 
center line of the handle is to intersect the back of the scoop, as 
at 2". Through this point, at its proper or re(juired angle, draw 
the center line 2 2^. Establish the length of the handle, and 
with any point on the center line as center, draw the section 



TINSMITH I N(l 



21 




PATTERN FOR CONICAL BOSS 




Fig. 25. 



TINSMITIIING 



as shown by 1^, 2^3^, and 2^=, and divide tbe circumference into 
equal spaces, in this case four. (^In practical work it would be 
better to use more than four). Parallel to the center line and from 
these four divisions draw lines as shown iutersectinp; the back of the 
scoop at 1 , 2 and IV. For the ])attern draw any horizontal line in 
8. as 1"3"1". upon which place the stretchout of the section of the 
handle as shown by 1" 2" 8" 2" 1" on the stretchout line. From 
these points at right antjles to the line of the stretchout, draw 
lines as shown. Take the various distances measuring from the 
line }io in side view to points 1\ 2^ and 3\ and place them on 
lines drawn from similar numbers in 8, measuring from the line 
1"3"1". A line traced through these points of intersection will be 
the pattern for the handle, laps being indicated by dotted lines. 
To close the top of the handle i/o, a small raised metal button is 
usually employed, which is double-seamed to the handle. 

To draw the conical boss in 
side view, lirst locate the ])oints /' 
and r, through which draw a line 
intersecting the center line of the 
handle at /'. At right angles to 
Fit?. 26. the center line, draw the line 

// re])resenting the top opening of the boss. In similar numner, at 
right angles to the center line, draw a line from e as shown by fv/, 
intersecting the center line at (/. Now make </'(' equal to (/c and 
draM' a line from <( to the center^/"', which will intersect the back of 
the scoop as shown and the top of the boss at /. With </ as center 
and (/a as radius describe the half section of the cone, divide this 
into equal spaces as shown by (0>c<h\ from which draw lines at 
right angles to and intersecting the base of the cone ac as shown. 
From the intersections on the base line draw radial lines to the 
apex /, intersecting the back of the scoop as shown. From these 
intersections at right angles to the center line, draw lines inter- 
secting the side of the boss at u'h' <■'<]' . Yoy the pattern proceed as 
shown in diagram //". "With radius equal to fe in the side view 
and /'' in v\ as a center describe the arc a'<i". Draw a line from 
a" to the center A', and starting from ((" set off on the arc a'a" 
twice the number of s]>aces contained in the send circle kcc in side 
view, as shown by similar letters in diagram u). From these ])oints 




TINSMITHING 



23 



draw radial lines to the center/''. Now usino; /* in w as a center 
describe the arc /'/'. In similar manner, using as radii /r^',f^',/r', 
pV and fe in side view, and /' in m as center, describe arcs inter- 
sectinpr radial lines having similar letters as shown. A line traced 
through points thus obtained forms the pattern for the conical boss. 




Fig. 27. 
Drip Pan. Fig. 26 shows a view of a drip pan M'ith beveled 
sides. The special feature of this pan is that the corners (( and h 
are folded to give the required bevel and at the same time have the 
folded metal come directly under the wired edge of the pan. A 
pan folded in this way gives a water tight joint without any sol- 
dering. Fig. 27 shows the method of obtaining the pattern when 
the four sides of the pan have the same bevel. P'irst draw the side 
elevation having a bevel indicated at <(^1. Now draw ABCD, a 
rectangle representing the bottom of the pan. Take the distance 
of the slant 1-2 in elevation and add it to each side of the rect- 
angular l)ottom as shown by 1', 1", 1'" and 1"". Throuo-h these 
points draw lines ])arallel to" the sides of the bottom as shown. 
Now extend the lines of the bottom AB, B(\ CD and DA inter- 
secting the lines just drawn. Take the pi-ojection of the bevel 



24 



TINSMITHING 



a to 1 in side elevation and place it on each corner of the pan, as, 
for example, from a' to 1'. Draw a line from 1' to B. By pro- 
ceeding in this manner for all the corners, we will have the bntt 
miters, if the corners were to be soldered raw edge. AVhere the 
bevels are equal on all four sides, the angle l^Bl' is bisected as 

1" r' I 




Fig. 28. 
follows: With B as center and any radius draw the arc ff inter- 
sectincr the sides of the bottom as shown. Then with a radius 
greater than one half of ;^'*, with yand /"' respectively as centers, 
draw arcs which intersect each other at v. Draw a line through 
the intersection / and corner B, extending it outward toward y. 

Now with 1' as center, and radius less than one-half of I'-l^, 
draw arc (l-(\ intersecting the line 1' B at h^ and intersectincr the 
line Vd' at c Then with h as center and he as radius, intersect the 
arc vd at e. Draw a line from 1' to e^ intersecting the line /;' at //. 
From // draw a line to 1^. Transfer this cut to each of the corners, 
which will complete the pattern desired. Dotted lines indicate the 
wire allowance. 

Sometimes a drip pan is required whose ends have a different 



TIXSMITIII^'G 



flare from those of the sides, and in one case th^ f^U j 
to be Wnt toward the end, while it ,„ v Z^^^'^uT "*' 
"ers be folded towards the side The ,„h„-i!, „ f """ 

eases, but as the .nethod of app^i :;:';, ::i:;:' '"'•''' '"''' 
little dirticit, Fi,. ,,S has bee,! 'p-P-ed :h • f i:;; T,: 

apphcation of these prim-iples. ^i" expl,„„ the 

First draw the side elevation, showin.r the <h-sire<l ti,,v ,1 
draw the end elevation, which shows the iare oi „".;:, 
carefu that the vertical heights in both views are the san e N w 
d.-aw he botto„> of the pan as follows: Take the distan e'l 0° 

e.thei s de by 1 - ,> . t„„„larly take the distance H-i in end eleva 
™, a,K, place ,t on the sides of the botton. as shown on eitl!: ^ 
byJ-i Through the point 2' and 4' draw lines parallel to the 
e.ds and s.des of the bot.on, as shown, which interseet'lines dr pped 
from the end and side views respectively. /„■// represent the I Ut 
m.ters wh,ch should be placed on all corners.' If these ntrs We 

r BTrrh'^'I'l','': ''"'''' *™'" '' 'o.^---™'^ -M 
«c „/, then use „ and /, as centers and ol>tain the intersection c 
through whtch draw the line ,/. Now assnn.e that the folded cor 
ner ,s to be turned towards the end view as shown by rS. Usin. 
/' as a center draw the arc (J. Then with I as ceLr and "a^ 
rad.us, ,n ersect the arc (; at «. Draw a line from /, through I 
meetmg the I,ne ,/at f, and draw a line fron, f to // 

.■ " t\i1'"^, corner were turned towards the side as shown by 
' -~ m the s>de v,ew, b.sect the angle rV. as before, and use ., as I 
center and proceed as already explained. Note the difference i! 

the two corners. The only point to bear in , d is. that w^ , the 

eo^er ts to be folded towards the end, transfer the ancle h 

end n„ter; whde if the corner is to be turned towards^tL side 

rans er the angle of the side miter. If the corners were t. be 

folded towarf the ends of the pan, the cut shown in the right-hand 

orner won d be used on all four corners, while if the corners w'e 

ririitz" "^ ^"^^' ''' '•"' ''- °" '"« -^^-^-"^ -: 

Tea Pot. In Fig. 2!l is shown the well-known form of the 
tea or coffee pot, for which a short n.ethod of developing the pat- 



26 



TINSMITHING 




Fiff. 29. 



tern is shown in Fig. 30. This is one of the many cases where a 
short rule can be used to advantage over the geometrical method. 
While it is often advisable to use the true geometrical rule, the 
difference between that and the method here shown is hardly 
noticeable in practice. Of course, if the body A and spout B were 
larger than the ordinary tea pots in use, it would be necessary to 
use the true geometrical rule, which is thoroughly ex])lained for 
Plates I, II and III. 

The pattern for the body of the 
tea pot will not be shown, only the short 
rule for obtaining the opening in the 
body to admit the joining of the spout. 
The method of obtaining the pattern for 
the body is similar to the flaring vessels 
shown in previous problems. 

First draw the elevation of the body 
of the tea pot as shown at A. Assume 
the point a on the body and draw the 
center line of the spout at its proper 
angle as shown by 2/^. Establish the point 3 of the bottom of 
the spout against the body, also the point 3^ at the top and draw 
a line from 3 through 3^ intersecting the center line at h. At 
right angles to the center line and from 3 draw the line 3-1 
and make el equal to (-3. From 1 draw a line to the center point 
and from 3^ draw a horizontal line until it intersects the opposite 
side of the spout at 1". Then l'-l"-3^-3 will be the side view of 
the spout. Now with c as a center draw the half section 1-2-3 
and divide it into equal spaces; in this case but two (in practical 
work more spaces should be employed). From these points and at 
ricrht angles to 1 - 3 draw lines intersectincr the base of the 
spout as shown, and draw lines from these points to the 
center h. Thus line \h intersects the body at 1' and the top of the 
spout at 1"; line 2/^ intersects the body at a and the top of the spout 
as shown, while line %h cuts at 3 and the top of spout at 3^. 
From these intersections at right angles to the center line ((f>^ draw 
lines intersecting the side of the spout at 3, 2", 1^ at the bottorn 
and 1^, 2^, 3^^ at the top. Now with h as center and h^ as radius, 
describe the arc 3' - 3" upon which place the stretchout of twice 



TlNSMITIllNG 



27 



the number of spaces contained in the half section 1-2-3, as 
shown by similar tioriires on 8" -8"; from these points draw radial 
lines to the center /». and intersect them l)v arcs drawn with h as a 
center and radii eipial to the intersections contained on the side of 




the spout 3-8^. To form the pattern, trace a line through points 
thus obtained and make the necessary allowance for edues. 

It should be understood that in thus developing the spout, the 
fact that the spout intersects a round surface has not been considered; 
it was assumed to intersect a plane surface. As already stated the 
difference in the pattern is so slight that it will not be noticeable 



28 



TINiSMITIlING 




in practice. Had we developed the pattern according to the true* 
geometrical rule, it would ])resent a problem of two cones of 
unequal diameter intersecting each other, at other than at ri<i-ht 
anfjles to the axes. 

For the pattern for the opening in the body, draw lines at 
right angles to the center line of the body from intersections 1', a 
and 3 intersecting the op])osite side of the body as shown. AVith 
F as a center draw a ])artial f)attern of the body as shown by <h'. 
From any point/' draw a line to the center F. Now with F as 
center draw the arcs 1, 2' and 3. The distance 1 to 3 on the line 
F/' represents the length of the opening, Avhile a line drawn through 

<i at ritrht ancrles to the center line he 
of the spout represents the widtli of 
the opening. Therefore take the dis- 
tance from (I to 2'" and place it as 
shown from <i' on the line fV to 
2^—2'' on either side on the arc. 
Trace an ellipse through 1-2-32 
for the shape of the oj)ening. 

The pattern for the handle is ob- 
tained by taking the stretchout of ////' and placing it as shown on 
the vertical line //'/'. At right angles to //'/' on either side, at top 
and bottom add the desired width of the handle and draw the lines 
shown; add edires for N\irim)- or hem edcre. 

r^ r^ r^ 

For the ])attern for the grasp D which is placed inside on the 
handle ])roceed as is shown in Fig. 31. Let D represent an en- 
larged view of ])art of the handle in which the grasp is to be soldered. 
Directly ii\ lino with it draw the section E taking care that the 
width from 1 to 1 \\\\\ not be wider than that portion of the handle 
from /• to .V in Fig. 30, being the width at (1 in the elevation. Divide 
the section E in Fig. 31 into a number of e(pud spaces, from which 
draw vertical lines intersecting the curve D as shown. Draw the 
center line i(1> upon mIucIi lay off the stretchout of E as shown by 
similar figures. Through these points draw lines which intersect 
with lines drawn from similar intersections in the curve D |)arallel 
to ah. Trace a line through the points thus obtained as shown at F. 
Foot Bath. In Fig. 32 is shown an oval foot bath; the princi- 
ples used in obtaining the pattern of which are apjilicable to any 



Fig. 31. 



TINSAIlTlllNG 



29 



form of tlarino- vessels of whicli the section is elli])tic'al or struck from 
more than two centers. In this connection it may be well to ex- 
plain how to construct an ellipse, so that a set of centers can be 
obtained with \vhich to strike the arcs desired. Flo-. 88 shows the 
method of drawing an a])proximate ellipse, if the dimensions are 
oriven. Let AB represent the lenoth of the foot bath and ('D its 
width. On BA measure BE e(pial to CD. JVow divide the dis- 
tance EA into three e(pial parts as 
shown by 1 and 2. Take two of 
these ])arts as a radius, or E2, and 
with () as center, describe arcs in- 
tersectino- the line BA at X and 
X'. Then with XX' as a radius 
and using X and X' as centers 
describe arcs intersecting each other at C and D. Draw lines from 
C to X and X' and extend them toward F and G respectively. 
Similarly from D draw lines through X and X', extending them 
towards I and II respectively. Now with X and X' as centers, and 
XA and X'B as radii describe arcs intersectino- the lines ID, FC, 
GC and HI) at J, K, L and M, respectively. In similar manner 

A R B 




Fis. 32. 




Fiff. 33 



with D and C as centers and DC and CD as radii describe arcs 
which must meet the arcs already drawn at J, M, L and K, respect- 
ively, forming an ap])roxinuite elli])se. In Fig. 84 let AIX'D repre- 
sent the side elevation of the pan, whose vertical height is equal 
to lie. 

In precisely the same nuinnei- as described in Fig. 88 draw 



80 



TI^'iSMITlllNG 



the plan as showu, in correct relation to the elevation, letting EFGIl 
be the plan of the top of the pan, and JKLI the plan of the bottom, 
struck from the centers, 0,M,P and K. The next step is to obtain 
the radii with which to strike the ])attern. Draw a horizontal line 
RE in Fig. 85 equal in length to NE in plan in Fig 84. Take the 
vertical height RC in elevation, and place it as shown by RC in 
Fig. 35 on a line drawn at right angles to RE. Parallel to RE 
and from the point C, draw the line CJ equal to NJ in Fig. 84. 





Fig. 35. 

Now draw a line from Eto J in Ficr. 85, extendinirit until it meets 
the line RC produced. Then OJ and OE wall be the radii with 
which to make the pattern for that part of the pan or foot bath 
shown in plan in Fig. 84 bj EFKJ and GIIIL. 

To obtain the I'adii with which to strike the smaller curves in 
plan, place distances PF and PK on the lines RE and CJ in Fig. 
85 as shown by RF and C^Iv. Draw a line from F through K un- 
til it meets the line RO at P. Then PK and PF will be the radii 
with which to strike the pattern, for that part shown in plan in 
Fig. 84 by KFGL and IHEJ. Now divide the curve from G to II 
and II to E (Fig. 84) into a number of etpial spaces. To describe 
the pattern draw any vertical line E'O^ {^^'^^' '■^'^) ^'^^ with O' as 
center and radii eipial to OJ and OE in the diagram Y, describe 
the arcs J'K' and E'F^ as shown. On the arc E'F' lay off the stretch- 



TINSMITHING 



31 



out of GH in plan in Fig. 34 as shown by similar figures in Fig. 
35. From the point 6 on the arc E'F^ draw a line to O' intersect- 
ing the curve J'K'. Now with PF in diagram Y as radius and F' 
as a center describe an arc intersecting the line F'O' at P'. Then 
using P' as a center and witli radii equal to P'lv' and P'P'' describe 

the arcs K'L' and ¥W as 
shown. On the arc F'G' 
starting from point 6 lay 
off the stretchout of HE, 
Fig. 34. From 11 draw a 
line to P* intersecting the 
arc K'L' at L'. Then 
E'F'G'L'K'J^ will be the 




Fig. 36. 

half pattern, the allowance 
for wiring and seaming 
being shown by the dotted 
lines. 

Should the article be 
desired in four sections, 
two pieces of F^K'L'G^ 
would be. required. The 
pattern for the bottom of 
the pan is shown by the inner elli])se in Fig. 34 to which of course 
edges must be allowed for double seaming. 

Wash Boiler. In Fig. 36 is shown a perspective view of a 
wash boiler to which little attention need be given, except to the 
raised cover. First draw the plan of the cover B, Fig. 37, which 
shows straight sides with semi-circular ends. Inline with the plan 
draw the elevation A, giving the required rise as at C. Let C rep- 
resent the apex in elevation, and C the apex in plan. As both 




32 



TINSMITHING 



halves of the cover are symmetrical, the pattern will be developed 
for one half only. Divide the semi-circle 1-3-1 into a number 
of equal spaces as shown by the small licrures 1. 2, 3, 2 and 1. 
From these points draw radial lines to the apex C, and throuoh 
C draw the perpendicular aa. C3" in elevation represents the 
true length of C'3 in plan, and to obtain the true length of 
(''2, C"l and CV^ it will be necessary to construct a diao-ram of 
triangles as follows: AVith (" as center, and CV/, C'l and C''3 
as radii, descril)e arcs intersecting the center line in plan at a\ 1' 
and 2'. From these points at right angle to 3(" erect lines inter- 
secting the base line of the elevation at a'\ 1", 2" 
and 3", from which draw lines to the apex C, as 
shown. Xow, with radii equal to 03", C2", 01" 
and O'/", and 0' as center describe arcs 3^,2^2^, 
1^1^ and a^(t^. From 0" erect the perpendicu- 
lar intersecting the arc 3^ at 3^. Now set the 
dividers equal to the spaces 3 to 2 to 1 to a in 
plan, and starting from 3^^ step off to similar 
numbered arcs, thus obtainino; the intersections 
oxjx^^x. from o'^ draw lines to C^, and trace a line a^^^a^ to get 
the half pattern for the cover. Allow edges for seam in o-. 

The body of the boiler re(]uires no ])attern, as that is simply 
the recjuired height, by the stretchout of the outline shown in ]ilan. 
The handles shown on the body and cover in Fig. 36 are plain 
strips of metal to which wired or hem edo-es have been allowed. 

Measure. Pig. 38 shows a flaring-lipped measure with han- 
dle attached. Care should be taken in laying out the patterns for 
these measures, that when the measure is made uj) it will hold a 
given quantity. While there are various proportions used in 
making up the size of the measure, the following table gives good 
proportions : 




Fi"-. 38. 



Quantity. 


Bottom Diameter 
in inches. 


Top Diameter 
in inches. 


Height. 


1 Gill. 
1^ Pint. 
1 Pint. 
1 Quart. 
i^jGallon. 
1 Gallon. 


2.06 
2.60 
3.27 
4.12 
5.18 
6.55 


1.37 
1.75 
2.18 
2.75 
3.45 
4.35 


3.10 
3. -89 
4.90 
6.18 

7.78 
9.80 



TINSMITIIING 



33 



Fig. 39 shows the method of laying out the pattern for the 
measure and lip. . First draw the elevation A to the desired size 




Fiff. 39. 



and assume the flare of the lip B, as shown by (I.. From ' draw 
a line through 7" to e which is a chosen point, and draw a Ime from 
G to (I. Draw the handle C of the desired shape. Now extend 
contour lines of the measure until they intersect at a, and draw 



34 TTNSMITIimG 



the half section of the bottom of the measure as shown at J); 
divide this semi-circle into equal parts as shows. Now, with a as 
a center, and a 7 and «7" as radii, describe the arcs as shown. 
From any point (as 1') draw a radial line to a, and starting at 1' 
set off the number of spaces contained in the half section D, as 
shown by the small figures 1' to 7'. From 7' draw a radial line 
to a. Allow edges for wiring and seaming. E represents the half 
pattern for the body of the measure. We find that lip B is simply 
an intersected frustum of a right cone, w^hich can be developed as 
shown in the pattern for conical boss of Fig. 25. 

There is, however, a shorter method which serves the purpose 
just as well; this is shown at F, Fig. 39. First draw the half sec- 
tion of the bottom of the lip, which will also be the half section of 
the top of the measure, as shown by the figures 1" to 7". Now, 
with radii equal to J-1", or h-l" and h' in F as center, describe 
the arc 7^7^. From b' drop a vertical line intersecting the arc at 
1^. Starting from the point 1^, set off the spaces contained in the 
half section l"-4"-7", as shown by the figures 1^ to 7^. From ?/ 
draw lines through the intersections 7^7^, extendino; them as shown. 
Now take the distance from 1" to d of the front of the lip and 
place it as shown by l^d' in F. In similar manner take the dis- 
tance from 7" to c of the back of the lip and place it as shown in 
F from 7^ to c' on both sides. Draw a line from c' to d', and bi- 
sect it to obtain the center e. From e, at right angles to c'd', 
draw a line" intersecting the line Jj'd' aty. Then using /as center, 
with radius equal to /?/', draw the arc c'd'c', as shown. Adding 
laps for seaming and wiring wdll complete the pattern for the lips. 

The pattern for the handle and grasp C is obtained as shown 
in Figs. 30 and 31. 

Scale Scoop. Fig. 40 shows a scale scoop, wired along the 
top edges and soldered or seamed in the center. The pattern is 
made as shown in Fig. 41. First draw the elevation of the scoop 
as shown by ABCD. (In practice the half elevation, BDC, is all 
that is necessary.) At right angles to BD and from the point C, 
draw the indefinite straight line CE, on w^hich a true section is to 
be drawn. Therefore, at right angles to CE, from points C and E, 
draw the lines CC and EE'. From E' erect a perpendicular as 
E'C, on which at a convenient point locate the center F; with 



TINSMITHING 



35 



FE' as radius, describe the arc IIE'I. Then IIE'I will be the true 
section on CE in elevation. Divide the section into a number of 
equal parts as shown by the figures 1 to 7; through these points, 
parallel to the line of the scale BD, draw lines intersecting B(J and 

CD as showUo At rio;ht ang-les 
to BD draw the stretchout line 
1-7 and place upon it the stretch- 
out of the section as shown by 
similar figures. At right angles 
to 1 - 7 draw lines which intersect 
lines drawn at right angles to BD, from intersections on BC 
and DC having similar numbers. Trace a line through these 




Fig. 40. 




Fifif. 41. 



points and thus obtain the desired pattern, 
shows the lap and wire allowance. 



The dotted outline 



86 



TlNSMITHmG 



In Fig. 42 is shown a perspective view of a dust pan witli»a 
tapering handle passing through the back of the pan and soldered 
to the bottom. The lirst step is to draw the plan and elevation 
which is shown in Fig. 43. Let ABC be the side view of the pan. 
Directly below it, in its proper position, draw the bottom DEFG. 
From the point C in elevation draw a line d'd indefinitely. Now 
bisect the anMe EFG. Through c and F draw the line ccL in- 
tersecting the line dd' at d. From d draw a line to G. 

In the same manner obtain E^/'D on the opposite side, which 





PATTERN FOR 
RAN t 



y^. 




-^ 



Fig. 42. 



Fiff. 44. 



will complete the plan view of the pan. Now locate the point A 
in side view, through which the center line of the handle shall pass, 
and draw the line m. Through m, the end of the handle, draw 
the line 7io at right angles to Im^ and assume o the half width at 
the top and j the point where the contour line of the handle shall 
meet the back of the pan, and draw a line from o through y, inter- 
secting the center line Ini at /. Make inn equal to mo and 
draw a line from n to /, intersecting the back of the pan at x^ 
Through h at right angles to the center line draw ij'\ giving the 
diameter of the handle at that point to be used later. This coni- 
])letes the elevation of the handle; the plan view is shown by dotted 
lines and similar letters, but is not required in developing the 
pattern. 

For the pattern of the pan proceed as is shown in Fig. 44, in 
which DEFG is a reproduction of similar letters of Fig. 43. Take 
the distance of 130 in side view, Fig. 43, and place it as shown by 



TINSMITHING 



37 



B(^ in Ficr. 44 and throutrli C draw a line parallel to EF as shown. 
At right anoles to and from EF draw Er and ¥/', then take the 



VIEW 




distance from r to 
(7 In plan in Fig. 43 
and place it as 
shown from /■ to d 
on both sides in 
Fig. 44. Draw the 
lines dF and r/E. 
Now using E as D 
center, and radius 
equal to Er/ des- 
cribe the arc sf. 
Then with td as 
radius and s as cen- 
ter, intersect the 
arc st at d'. Draw 
a line from d' to 
D. Insimilarman- 
ner obtain ^'G on g 
the opposite side, 
which will com- 
plete the pattern 
for the pan. Allow 
laps for wiring and 
edging. 

The opening 
in the back of the 
pan to allow the 
handle to pass 
through is obtain- 
ed by first drawing 
a center line ef, 
then take the dis- 
tances from / to k 
and h to x in Fig 
43, noting tha<" j 
comes directly on the bend B, and place it in Fig. 44 on the line ef 



Fig. 43. 







Fisr. 45. 



38 



TINSMITHING 



from j to ?i to 'X, placing,; on the bend as shown. Now take the dis- 
tance from h to i or h to j" in side view in Fig. 43 and place it 14 
Fig. 44 from h to i on either side; on a line drawn through the 
points jid draw an ellipse shown. Fig. 45 shows the method 
of drawing the pattern for the tapering handle. From the ligiire 
we lind that we have a frustum of a right cone. To illustrate each 
step the handle has been slightly enlarged, n, o,^;, J' represents 
71, oJJ' in Fig. 43. Draw the half section in Fig. 45 as shown, 
and divide it into equal parts; 
drop perpendiculars as shown to 
the line rto, and from these 
points draw lines to the apex 7^, 
which is obtained by extending 
the lines nj' and oj until they 





Fig. 47. 



Fig. 46. 

meet at h. Where the radial 

lines intersect the line jf draw 

lines at right angles to the 

center line 3b, intersectincr the 

side of the handle o h at 1', 2', 

3', 4' and 5'. Now with J as a center and ho as a radius, 

describe the arc 1-1, upon w^hich place twice the number of spaces 

contained in the half section a. From these points on 1-1 draw 

radial lines to h and cut them with arcs struck from h as center 

and radii equal to }A\ h1\ h^\ JA' and hi)'. Trace a line through 

points thus obtained to complete the pattern. 

Colander. Fig. 46 shows another well-known form of tin 
ware, known as a colander. The top and bottom are wired and 
the foot and body seamed together, the handles of tinned malleable 
iron being riveted to the body. In Fig. 47 is shown how to lay 
out the patterns. Draw the elevation of the body A and foot B 
and extend the sides of the body and foot until they meet respec- 



TINSMITHING 39 



tively at C and 1) on the center line aJ). Draw the liaif section on 
the line 1-7 and divide it into equal parts as shown. For the body 
use C as a center and describe the arcs shown, laying off the 
stretchout on the lower arc, allowing edges in the usual manner. 
Then E will be the half pattern for the body. In the usual man- 
ner obtain the pattern for the foot shown at F, the pattern being 
struck from D' as center, with radii obtained from the elevation 
Dl and Dc. 

PLATES. 

In preparing the plates, the student should practice on other 
paper, and then send finished drawings for examination. The 
plates of this instruction paper should be laid out in the same 
manner and of the same size as the plates in Mechanical Drawincr 
Parts I, II and III. 

PLATE I. 

On this plate, the intersection between two right cones is 
shown. This problem arises in the manufacture of tinware in 
such instances as the intersections between the spout and body 
as in a teapot, watering pot, kerosene-oil can, dipper handle and 
body, and other articles. It is one of the most complicated prob- 
lems arising in tinsmith work. The problem should be drawn in 
the center of the sheet making the diameter of the base A 4 
inches and the height of the cone B 4i inches. The distance 
from X to Y should be 1 inch. From the point F measure down 
on the side of the cone a distance of 3|^ inches and locate the 
point C, from which draw the axis of the smaller cone at an angle 
of 45° to the axis of the larger cone. From C measure on CL 
1§ inches locating the point 6'; through this point, at right angles 
to the axis, draw ED ecpial to \\ inches. From the point 4' on 
the base of the cone, measure up on the side of the cone a distance 
of i inch as indicated by o, and draw a line from o to E, extending 
it, until it intersects the axis LC at L. From L draw a line 
through D extending it until it intersects the larger cone at <?. 
Then D a <> E will represent the outline of the frustum of the 
smaller cone in elevation. 

The next step is to obtain the line of intersection between 
the two cones, but before this can be accomplished, horizontal 



40 TlJil SMITHING 



sections must be made through various planes of the smaller cone 
cuttincf into the larcrer. As the intersection of each half of the 

in o 

smaller cone with the larger one is symetrical, and as the small 
cone will not intersect the larger one to a depth greater than the 
point 1 in plan, divide only one-quarter of the plan into a number 
of equal spaces as shown by figures 1 to 4; from these points 
draw radial lines to the center F' as shown. Also from points 1, 
2, 3 and 4 erect vertical lines intersecting the base of the cone at 
1', 2', 3' and 4' respectively, from which points draw radial lines to 
the apex F. 

Now with 6' on the line ED as a center describe the circle 
shown, which represents the true section on ED. Divide each 
semi-circle into the same number of divisions as shown by the 
small figures D, 5, 6, 7, and E on either side. From these points at 
right angles to ED draw lines intersecting the center line ED at 5 , 
6' and 7'. From the apex L draw lines through the intersection 5', 6 
and 7', and extend them until they intersect the axis of the large cone 
at e and the base line at h and n. The student may naturally ask 
why the radial lines in the small cone are drawn to these points. 
As it is not known how far the smaller cone will intersect the larger 
one, we obtain such sections on the planes just drawn, as -we think 
will be required to determine the depth of the intersection. Thus 
the radial line drawn through 5' intersects the radial lines through 
4', 8', 2' and 1' in the larger cone, at Z*, c, d and e respectively. 
The radial line through 6' intersects radial lines in the larger cone 
Sii f,h, i,j and the base line at k, while the radial line drawn 
through the point 7', intersects the radial lines of the larger cone 
at I and m and the base at ti. We know that the line Da and E^ 
of the smaller cone intersect the larger cone at points a and o re- 
spectively, and determine the true points of intersection ; these are 
shown in plan by a' and o', and therefore no horizontal sections 
are required on these two planes. For the horizontal section on 
the plane h e,- drop vertical lines from the intersections 7j, e and cl 
on the radial lines, intersecting radial lines having similar num- 
bers in plan as shown by l\ c' and d' . To obtain the point of in- 
tersection in plan of e in elevation, draw from the point c a hori- 
zontal line intersecting the side of the cone at e^^ from which point 
drop a perpendicuUr line intersecting the center line in plan at e^. 



TIN SMITH I IS' G 41 



Then using F^e^ as radius, deserilte an arc intersecting the radial 
line 1 at e'. Through the points c', <f', <■' and J/ draw a curved 
line, which is the half horizontal section of h e \n elevation. In 
the same manner obtain the sections shown in plan by /'', //, /', /' 
and Z'; and /', w' and n\ which have similar letters and figures in 
both plan and elevation. The next step is to obtain the intersec- 
tions where the radial lines of the smaller cone will intersect these 
sections in plan just obtained. To avoid a confusion of lines 
which would otherwise occur, a reproduction of the plan and ele- 
vation has been transferred to Plate II. 

PLATE II. 

The figures on this plate are similar to those on Plate I and 
have similar letters and figures; those letters and figures beincr 
omitted which are not necessary. This plate should be studied 
carefully before proceeding. The reproducing from Plate I can 
be best done by using a needle point or the small needle which is 
usually found in the handle of the drawing pen, when unscrewing 
the pen from the handle, and pricking through Plate I, very small 
indistinct prick marks. Omit all that is omitted in Plate II, 
where it will be noticed that the radial line in elevation, of the 
larger cone, and some of the various small letters in plan are not 
represented. 

To obtain the plan view of the smaller cone, proceed as fol- 
lows: Extend the line F^ 4 in plan as shown by F^ E^ From the 
apex L of the smaller cone drop a vertical line intersecting F^ E^ at 
L^, which represents the apex of the smaller cone in plan. With 
L^ as center and radius equal to the radius G' D describe the circle 
E^ D^ and divide the circumference into the same number of spaces 
as ED, being careful to number the spaces as is there.shown. The 
reason for doing this may be better understood from what follows : 
Assume that ED is a pivot on which the circle turns, so that it 
lies on a plane ED, then by looking down from the top, the points 
and 6 appear as shown by 6' and 6' in plan. 

A better illustration is obtained by cutting a card-board disc 
and after spacing it and numbering the points hold it in various 
positions until all the points become clear. Now from the inter- 
sections on ED in elevation, drop lines, intersecting horizontal 
lines drawn from similar numbered points in the profile E^ D^, 



42 TIIS SMITHING 



thus obtaining the points of intersection D^, 5^, 6^, 7^ and E^. 
Trace a curved line through these points,, which will give the 
the top view of ED. As the radial lines drawn through the 
points 5', 6' and 7' on the line ED of the smaller cone in 
elevation intersect the section lines h e, fk and I n respec- 
tively, the radial lines in plan drawn through the apex L' and 
points 5^, 6^, and 7^ must intersect similar section lines in plan 
y e',f' h' and Z' n' respectively, as shown by points S'^, 6^ and 7^. 
The points a' and o are obtained by dropping perpendiculars from 
the points a and <> in elevation onto the line E^ F^ in plan. 
Through the points thus obtained, draw the curved line «', S'^, 6-"^, 
7^, <>' which will represent the plan view of one-half of the inter- 
section between the two cones, the other half being similar. 

Now from the intersections 5'^, ^^ and 7-'^ on the section lines 
J' 6'',y' /■' and 7' 7?' respectively, erect perpendicular lines inter- 
secting similar section lines in elevation b e^fk and In q,s shown 
respectively by points 5°, 6° and 7°. 

A curved line traced through «, 5°, 6°, 7° and o will represent 
the line of intersection between the two cones in elevation. At 
right angles to the axis of the smaller cone and from the inter- 
sections «, 5^, 6'' and 7° draw lines intersecting the side of the 
cone E o at D'^ 5^ 6^ and 7^. For the pattern of the smaller 
cone proceed as is shown in the following plate: 

PLATE III. 

On this plate the two patterns should be placed in the center 
of the sheet. Take the radius of LD in Plate II and with L in 
Fig. 1 of Plate III as center describe the arc DD. From L drop 
a vertical line as shown by L E*^. Upon the arc DD meas- 
uring from either side of the point E, lay off the stretchout of 
the semi-circle E, 7, 6, 5, D in Plate Has shown by similar letters 
and figures on DD in Fig. 1 Plate III. From the apex L and 
through these points draw radial lines as shown and intersect them 
by arcs whose radii are equal to L D^, L S'^, L 6^, L 7^ and L E-^ in 
Plate II, as shown by similar letters and figures in Plate III. Trace 
a line through points thus obtained, and D, E, D, D^, E^, D-^, D 
will be the pattern for the small cone. As the pattern for the 
larger cone is obtained in the usual manner, we will only show 
how to obtain the opening to be cut into one side of the larger 



TINSMITHING 43 



cone to admit the intersection of the smaller. We must now 
again refer to Plate 11. From the intersections a, 5°, 6^, 7", and 
o in elevation draw lines at right angles to the line of the axis, 
intersecting the side of the cone at 4^, 5^, G^^, 7^ and 4^. 

Also in addition to the spaces 1, 2, 3 and 4 'in the plan view, 
it wnll be necessary to obtain the points of intersection on the base 
line in plan, where the radial lines would intersect drawn from 
the apex F^ through the points of intersections between the tw^o 
cones. This is accomplished by drawing lines from F^ through 
5^ 6^ and 7^ until they intersect the base line in plan at 5, and 
7. All these points form the basis with which to develop the 
pattern shown in Fig. 2 of Plate III, in which draw the vertical 
line F 4, and with F as a center and radii equal to FY, and F P 
in Plate II draw the arcs YY and PP in Fig. 2 of Plate III as 
shown. Now starting from the point 4 on the arc PP on either 
side, lay ofif the stretchout of 1, 6, 5, 7 and 4 in plan in Plate 
II as shown by similar numbers in Fig. 2 of Plate III. From 
the points 6, 5, 7 and 4 on either side draw radial lines to the 
apex F, which will be used to obtain the pattern for the opening. 
Now with F as center and radii equal to F 4^, F 5^, F 6^^, F 7^ 
and F 4^ in Plate II, describe arcs intersecting radial lines having 
similar numbers in Fig. 2 of Plate III as shown by intersections 
having similar numbers. A line traced through these points will 
be the required opening to be cut out of the pattern of the larger 
cone, one-half of which is shown by drawing radial lines from the 
points 1 and 1 to the apex F. 

PLATE IV. 
In drawing this plate, the same size paper and border lines 
should be used as for the preceding plates. The subject for this 
plate is an oil tank resting on inclined wooden racks. The prob- 
lem involves patterns in parallel and radial-line developments. 
The drawing can be made to any convenient scale until the prob- 
lems are understood and should be proven by paste-board models. 
It should be drawn to a convenient scale, placing the pattern to 
fill the sheet and make a neat appearance. The section, stretch- 
out lines, construction lines, and developments should be num- 
bered or lettered, so as to prove the thorough understanding of 
the problem, and then sent to the School for correction. The var- 



44 TINSMITHING 



ious parts in the elevation and patterns have similar letters. A 
represents the tank body, the pattern being shown by A^, B shows 
the bottom, the pattern being shown by B^ The cone top and 
inlet D are shown developed by (J^ and D^ respectively, while the 
outlet E and opening F in elevation are shown developed by E^ 
and F^ in the bottom B^ 



EXAMINATION PLATES. 

Drawing Plates I to IV inclusive constitute the 
examination for this Instruction Paper. The student 
should draw these plates in ink and send them to the 
School for correction and criticism. The construction 
lines and points should be clearly shown. The date, 
student's name and address, and plate number should 
be lettered on each plate in Gothic capitals. 



Table of standard or regular tin plates. 



Size and Kind 


of Plates, Number and Weight of Sheets in a Box, and 


Wire Quage Thickness, of Every Kind and 


Size. 


Size. 


Grade. 


• 

Sheets 


Pounds 


Wire 






ill Box. 


in Box. 


Guage. 


10x10 


IC 


225 


80 


29 


u 


IX 


225 


100 


27 


u 


IXX 


225 


115 


26 


(( 


IXXX 


225 


130 


25 


(( 


IXXXX 


225 


145 


24 1-2 


10x14 


IC 


225 


112 


29 


a 


IX 


225 


140 


27 


(( 


IXX 


225 


161 


26 


a 


IXXX 


225 


182 


25 


a 


IXXXX 


225 


203 


24 1-2 


u 


IXXXXX 


225 


224 


24 


C( 


IXXXXXX 


225 


245 


23 1-2 


10x20 


IC 


225 


160 


29 


(k 


IX 


225 


200 


27 


11x11 


IC 


225 


95 


29 


a 


IX 


225 


121 


27 


a 


IXX 


225 


139 


26 


(( 


IXXX 


225 


157 


25 


u 


IXXXX 


225 


175 


24 1-2 


11x15 


SDC 


200 


168 


26 


u 


SDX 


200 


189 


25 


u 


SDXX 


200 


210 


24 12 


11x15 


SDXXX 


200 


230 


24 


12x12 


IC 


225 


112 


29 


a 


IX 


225 


140 


27 


(( 


IXX 


225 


161 


20 


ii 


IXXX 


225 


182 


25 ■ 


(( 


IXXXX 


225 


203 


24 1-2 


« 


IXXXXX 


225 


224 


24 


a 


IXXXXXX 


225 


245 


23 1-2 


12 1-2x17 


DC 


100 


98 


28 


a 


DX 


100 


126 


26 


(( 


DXX 


100 


147 


24 


(( 


DXXX 


100 


168 


23 


(( 


DXXXX 


100 


189 


22 


u 


DXXXXX 


100 


210 


21 


13x13 


IC 


225 


135 


29 


a 


IX 


225 


169 


27 


u 


IXX 


225 


194 


26 


« 


IXXX 


225 


220 


25 


u 


IXXXX 


225 


245 


24 1-2 


13x17 


IXX 


225 


254 


26 


13x18 


IX 


225 


234 


27 


li 


IXX 


225 


269 


26 


14x14 


IC 


225 


157 


29 


(C 


IX 


225 


196 


27 


<c 


IXX 


225 


225 


26 


li 


IXXX 


225 


255 


25 



TABLE OF STANDARD OR REGULAR TIN PLATES.="Con. 







Sheets 


Pounds 


Wire 


Size. 


Grade. 


in Box. 


in Box. 


Gauge. • 


UxU 


IXXXX 


255 


284 


24 1-2 


14x17 


IX 


225 


238 


27 


14x20 


IC 


112 


113 


29 




IX 


112 


143 


27 


(( 


IXX 


112 


162 


26 


(( 


IXXX 


112 


183 


25 


u 


IXXXX 


112 


202 


24 1-2 


15x15 


IX 


225 


225 


27 


a 


IXX 


225 


259 


26 


a 


IXXX 


225 


293 


25 


a 


IXXXX 


225 


326 


24 1-2 


15x21 


IX 


112 


158 


27 


(( 


DXX 


100 


218 


24 


u 


DXXX 


100 


249 


23 


(( 


DXXXX 


100 


280 


22 


15x22 


IXX 


112 


190 


26 


(1 


SDXX 


100 


210 


24 1-2 


(( 


SDXXX 


100 


230 


24 


16x16 


IC 


225 


205 


29 


^i 


IX 


225 


256 


27 


a 


IXX 


225 


294 


26 


11 


IXXX 


225 


333 


25 


u 


IXXXX 


225 


371 


24 1-2 


17x17 


IC 


225 


231 


29 


17x17 


IX 


225 


289 


27 


a 


IXX 


112 


166 


26 


k( 


IXXX 


112 


188 


25 


u 


IXXXX 


112 


210 


24 1-2 


17x25 


DC 


100 


196 


28 


u 


DX 


100 


252 


26 


tl 


DXX 


50 


146 


24 


a 


DXXX 


50 


168 


23 


a 


DXXXX 


50 


189 


22 


a 


IX 


112 


213 


27 


ii 


IXX 


112 


244 


26 


18x18 


IX 


112 


162 


27 


(( 


IXX 


112 


186 


26 


u 


IXXX 


112 


211 


25 


a 


IXXXX 


112 


235 


24 1-2 


19x19 


IC 


112 


144 


29 


a 


IX 


112 


180 


27 


u 


IXX 


112 


207 


26 


n 


IXXX 


112 


234 


25 


(( 


IXXXX 


112 


262 


24 1-2 


20x20 


IC 


112 


160 


29 


(1 


IX 


112 


200 


27 


a 


IXX 


112 


230 


26 


u 


IXXX 


112 


260 


25 


(( 


IXXXX 


112 


290 


24 1-2 


20x28 


IC 


112 


224 


29 


u 


IX 


112 


280 


27 


(( 


IXX 


112 


322 


26 



TERNE PLATE5. 



Size. 


Grade. 


Sheets 
in Box. 


14x20 


IC 


112 




IX 


112 


20x28 


IC 


112 




IX 


112 


20x200 


IC 


Roll 




IX 


u 



Wire 
Gaue-e. 




JUL 16 1903 






'^^y 






Q 014 757 w^ ^ 




